Matthew Henry's Commentary

Matthew Henry interprets Jeremiah 13:21 as a rhetorical question directed at the people of Judah, urging them to recognize the futility of their false security. He indicates that the prophet's question—“What wilt thou say when he shall punish thee?”—is meant to expose the people's awareness of their sin but also their ignorance in believing that they could escape divine retribution. Henry emphasizes that the people must confront the reality of their situation and the consequences that follow their actions, particularly their leadership's failures.

Furthermore, Henry elaborates on the metaphorical aspect of the 'pangs' of a woman in travail, underscoring that Judah is not only facing judgment but the intense and agonizing nature of that judgment—a warning of inevitable pain associated with their apostasy.

Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Albert Barnes highlights the theological implications of this verse, focusing on the accountability of the leaders of Judah. He notes the judgment that will fall upon them due to their roles in leading the people astray. Barnes explains that the question posed not only reflects God’s impending action against Judah but also serves as a reminder of the leaders’ responsibility towards their people. This accountability extends to spiritual leaders today, as much as it did in Jeremiah's context, emphasizing the continuous theme of divine justice.

He also remarks on the intense emotional language—'pangs'—which indicates the painful realization of judgment. Barnes connects this to the broader theological construct of divine judgment and mercy, asserting that while God is just to punish, He also desires repentance and restoration from His people.

Adam Clarke's Commentary

Adam Clarke approaches Jeremiah 13:21 with an expository lens, providing a detailed analysis of the text's wording and structure. Clarke notes that the term 'captains' signifies those who led the people and were to protect and guide them. However, their failure led the nation into chaos, and thus the rhetorical question serves as a powerful indictment against these leaders. Clarke suggests that the mention of 'pangs' is a clear metaphor for national distress, drawing parallels to the labor pains experienced during childbirth, indicating unavoidable suffering that leads to new beginnings.

Clarke further articulates a concept of prophetic warning, emphasizing the call for self-examination among leaders and congregations alike today, urging them to reflect on their roles and responsibilities before God. He indicates that the belligerent spirit of leaders can provoke God’s anger, resulting in consequences that are deeply painful not just for leaders, but for those they lead.