Exodus 21:27 Commentary
Scripture Reference: Exodus 21:27 - “And if he smite out his manservant’s or his maidservant’s tooth, he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.”
Introduction
The verse from Exodus 21:27 presents a significant principle regarding the treatment of servants in ancient Israelite society. It emphasizes justice and the consequences of physical harm, reflecting God’s concern for the dignity and well-being of individuals. This commentary draws upon insights from Matthew Henry, Albert Barnes, and Adam Clarke to explore the verse’s implications for ethics, justice, and social responsibility.
Contextual Background
The Book of Exodus provides a detailed account of the laws given to the Israelites, many of which pertain to social justice and ethical behavior. This specific law regarding servants exposes the gravity of responsibility borne by masters towards their servants, demonstrating that any act of violence—even seemingly minor, such as the loss of a tooth—has significant legal and moral repercussions.
The Principle of Justice
According to Matthew Henry, this verse exemplifies the overarching principle that harms inflicted upon individuals, regardless of their social status, demand appropriate restitution. The “tooth” in this context symbolizes not just physical damage but also the loss of personal dignity and freedom. As servants served in a society where they might otherwise have limited rights, this law ensures they were not subjected to undue violence or exploitation. The consequence of losing a tooth—integration of legal and moral reparation—underscores a broader commitment to justice.
Legal Implications
Albert Barnes comments on the legal ramifications of this verse, noting that it served as a deterrent against cruelty among the masters. In the ancient Near East, servants were often considered property, and injury to that property could have been overlooked. However, this verse establishes a countercultural yardstick: any physical impairment—however slight—warrants the loss of that servant's bondage. This liberating factor ensures a check on the abuse of power, enlightening readers about the ethical evolution within biblical law.
Moral and Ethical Reflections
Adam Clarke further elaborates on the moral teachings of this law. He suggests that freedom must be restored as an ethical imperative where there has been damage. Clarke emphasizes God’s concern for justice and the humanity of all individuals—master and servant alike. In a theological sense, this reflects God's justice and mercy, advocating for humanity's inherent worth.
Social Responsibility
The implications of this scripture extend beyond the mere legalistic interpretation to broader social responsibilities. The verse encapsulates the notion that power must always must be complemented by accountability. The statement, "he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake," serves as a cornerstone for understanding the dynamic of responsibility: those who possess power must uphold ethical standards in their treatment of others.
Application for Today
In today’s context, this verse provides profound insights for modern readers, particularly pastors, theologians, and students of the Bible. It challenges them to consider how they wield influence, be it in congregations, workplaces, or broader society. The question of how authority is exercised, and how justice is administered, remains relevant. Exegesis of this law invites introspection into contemporary dynamics of power and influence.
Conclusion
Exodus 21:27 offers a powerful insight into the nature of justice, the responsibilities of power, and the importance of respecting individual dignity. The synergy of insights from Henry, Barnes, and Clarke fosters an understanding that transcends time; today’s leaders and followers alike are called to reflect upon these principles as foundational to ethical behavior and community building. The commitment to justice, as established in this law, invites a deeper commitment toward treating all individuals with dignity and respect.
