Commentary on Judges 19:21

Judges 19:21 presents a narrative that encapsulates a profound moral decline in Israel during the time of the judges, reflecting themes of hospitality, violence, and social fragmentation. This verse states:

“So he brought him into his house and gave the asses fodder: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.”

Contextual Overview

This passage describes the events surrounding a Levite and his concubine, who find themselves in the town of Gibeah. Their experiences underscore the prevailing moral chaos of the period. The actions described in this chapter have deep implications for understanding the societal and ethical issues present in ancient Israel.

Insights from Public Domain Commentaries

Hospitality and Its Importance

Matthew Henry emphasizes the significance of hospitality as a cultural practice. In ancient Israel, welcoming travelers was a moral obligation. The act of bringing the Levite and his concubine into his household indicates a semblance of respect and compassion, contrasting sharply with the subsequent events that unfold in Gibeah.

Henry notes, “It is a reflection of the savage nature of the people of Gibeah that they would reject the notion of hospitality, showcasing their moral bankruptcy.” The warm welcome by the unnamed man, who is described as a “stranger,” holds weight in stark contrast to the violent refusal of hospitality faced by the Levite and his companions.

Moral Decline and Social Fragmentation

Albert Barnes provides historical context, indicating that this account occurs during a time of anarchy in Israel—where “every man did that which was right in his own eyes” (Judges 21:25). The unspeakable events that follow in Gibeah serve as a dire reflection of the moral decay prevalent in society.

Barnes asserts, “The Levite’s search for a place to rest exemplifies the desperation of a society that has forsaken the values of community and moral responsibility.” This underscores the broader theme of a disintegrating social fabric, where trust is eroded, and the sacred duty of providing refuge is flouted.

Theological Reflections

Adam Clarke delves into the theological implications of this text. He highlights the contrast between duty and outcome. The Levite's journey to find a place of rest signifies the yearning for community and fellowship, yet it reveals the harsh reality of isolation and betrayal. Clarke observes, “The act of washing feet and sharing a meal symbolizes peace and fellowship, yet the underlying tensions foreshadow the calamity that deception and betrayal will bring.”

Character Analysis

The Levite and his concubine are central figures in this narrative. The Levite, while seeking to uphold certain social norms and obligations, ultimately leads his concubine into an environment riddled with danger. The unnamed man from the tribe of Ephraim embodies the virtue of hospitality, yet finds himself ensnared in the horrific events that stem from the darkness of Gibeah's inhabitants.

Henry remarks that “The man’s civil response highlights the potential for righteousness amidst rampant wickedness, illustrating how one righteous act can stand in stark opposition to prevailing evil.”

Application for Today

Pastors and theologians can extract profound lessons from this passage. It serves as a reminder of the sacred duty to extend hospitality, particularly to those who are marginalized or in distress. This theme resonates with the New Testament's call to love one another and provide for the stranger.

• Moral Responsibility: The need for moral courage and responsibility in a world that often turns a blind eye to the suffering of others.
• Communal Integrity: Emphasizing the importance of community values and shared ethics, which are foundational to any society's health.
• Reflection on Society: Encouraging self-reflection within congregations regarding their responses to contemporary societal issues—highlighting the necessity for discernment in a fragmented culture.

Conclusion

Judges 19:21 is a poignant reminder of the complexities of human relationships in times of moral crisis. The insights drawn from public domain commentaries present this narrative not merely as a historical account, but as a narrative rich with theological depth and contemporary relevance. Pastors, students, and scholars are called to grapple with the enduring lessons of hospitality, accountability, and community integrity that emerge from this dark yet enlightening passage in Israel's history.