Commentary on Matthew 5:38

Verse: "You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’"

This verse marks a pivotal moment in the Sermon on the Mount, as Jesus revisits the ancient principle of retribution found in the Old Testament. The phrase "Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth" traces back to various passages such as Exodus 21:24 and Leviticus 24:20. These laws were originally intended to limit vengeance and ensure justice, providing a framework where punishment matched the crime without escalating into cycles of vengeance.

Contextual Understanding

Matthew Henry observes that this legal principle served to protect individuals from excessive punishment, reflecting justice's balance. However, over time, this principle became distorted within the Jewish tradition. Many interpreted it as a license to pursue personal vengeance rather than understanding it as a guideline for judicial conduct.

Jesus’ Teaching on Retaliation

As we delve deeper, it becomes clear that Jesus sought to transcend this principle of limited retribution. Albert Barnes emphasizes that Jesus highlights the insufficiency of the Old Testament law when it comes to personal conduct. While the law aimed to restrain malevolence, Jesus calls for a radical transformation of heart and attitude towards injustice. This challenge is far greater than mere external compliance; it necessitates an internal change.

Radical Love and Non-Retaliation

Continuing, Christ not only critiques the misinterpretation of the law but introduces a new ethic grounded in love and grace. Adam Clarke presents the notion that Jesus urges His followers to adopt a non-retaliatory stance. Rather than seeking vengeance, believers are called to respond to wrongdoing with grace, reflecting the nature of God's love toward humanity.

The Call to Action

Matthew Henry highlights the spiritual application of this teaching. He contends that Christians are called to bear offenses patiently and to forgive those who wrong them. This principle challenges human instincts and societal norms that advocate wearing one's grievances with pride. As followers of Christ, the imperative is to pursue peace and reconciliation, embodying the teachings of the Kingdom of Heaven.

The Implications of Non-Retaliation

• 1. Personal Transformation: Non-retaliation requires a fundamental change in the believer's heart, aligning with the character of Christ.
• 2. Witness to the World: The practice of loving one’s enemies serves as a profound witness to a broken world, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel.
• 3. Social Harmony: Embracing forgiveness limits cycles of violence and fosters community peace, crucial in a fractured society.

Practical Application for Believers

This teaching from Jesus calls for a day-to-day application of love and forgiveness. Albert Barnes reminds us that believers must constantly critique their responses to injustice, asking whether they mirror Christ's compassion. The call to "turn the other cheek" is not merely a passive acceptance of wrongdoing, but an active choice to respond with grace and mercy.

Examples of Non-Retaliation

Adam Clarke gives practical examples of non-retaliation in everyday scenarios. He encourages believers to consider their workplace interactions, family disputes, and community relationships as opportunities to practice the message of this verse. By intentionally choosing grace over revenge, believers reflect the heart of Christ.

Theological Significance

This passage underscores the core theological tenet of grace over law. Matthew Henry remarks on the contrast between the justice of the Old Testament parameters and the mercy presented in the New Covenant. Jesus’ call to non-retaliation is not a rejection of justice but invites a deeper understanding of divine grace that surpasses mere law-keeping.

Conclusion

As one meditates on Matthew 5:38, it challenges believers to examine their hearts toward others, especially those who have caused them harm. This profound teaching is a radical invitation to reflect God’s character in a world often driven by retribution and anger. The way forward is grounded in humility, forgiveness, and love—hallmarks of the kingdom of heaven, inviting all believers to embody these principles in their lives.

Final Reflection: Understanding Matthew 5:38 through the insights of these commentaries offers profound implications not just for personal conduct but for communal and social relationships among believers. As we strive to live out this radical love, may we embody the transformative Gospel of Jesus Christ in every circumstance.