Commentary on Daniel 5:21

Daniel 5:21 states: "And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till he knew that the most High God ruled in the kingdom of men, and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will."

Introduction

This verse captures a pivotal moment in the life of King Nebuchadnezzar, illustrating the profound consequences of human pride and the sovereignty of God. Throughout history, this passage has been a source of reflection for theologians and scholars who delve into the deeper meanings of divine authority and human folly.

Contextual Background

The events of Daniel 5 take place during a significant transition in Babylonian history. Nebuchadnezzar’s reign is contrasted with that of his impious successor, Belshazzar, marking a notable decline in the moral and spiritual state of the Babylonian empire.

Exegesis of the Verse

• Divine Judgment: The phrase "driven from the sons of men" signifies not only a physical exile but also a moral and spiritual degradation. It indicates God’s judgment upon Nebuchadnezzar for his arrogance and failure to recognize God's authority.
• Human Nature compared to Beasts: Nebuchadnezzar is compared to beasts, which emphasizes his loss of reason and dignity. This imagery serves to demonstrate how pride leads to a fall, stripping one of their humanity.
• Restoration of Understanding: The latter part of the verse highlights a transformation—Nebuchadnezzar’s eventual recognition that God "rules in the kingdom of men". This acknowledges the theme of restoration after repentance, illustrating God’s readiness to forgive and restore those who turn from their ways.

Insights from Commentators

Matthew Henry

Matthew Henry emphasizes the severity of Nebuchadnezzar's punishment, pointing out how God used this period of madness to demonstrate His ultimate authority. He writes, “Pride is a sin that brings down the greatest.” Henry notes that even those in high positions are not beyond the reach of God's judgment. This serves as a caution for leaders and the populace alike to humble themselves before the Almighty.

Albert Barnes

Albert Barnes expounds upon the meaning of being "fed with grass like oxen," explaining it as a metaphor for the humiliation that comes with sin. Barnes notes that this imagery illustrates the extent of his degradation. He also underscores the significance of Nebuchadnezzar’s realization of God's sovereignty, interpreting it as a critical acknowledgment that brings about a restoration of sanity.

Adam Clarke

Adam Clarke offers a detailed interpretation of the psychological and spiritual aspects of Nebuchadnezzar's experience. He posits that Nebuchadnezzar’s transformation points to a divine lesson on the nature of pride and the importance of humility before God. Clarke remarks that the king “was made to understand that the Most High God has dominion over the affairs of men,” highlighting the overarching theme of divine governance.

Theological Implications

The implications of Daniel 5:21 are broad and multifaceted:

• God's Sovereignty: The verse solidifies the belief in God’s sovereign rule over all creation, a central theme in Biblical theology.
• The Nature of Human Pride: It warns against the dangers of pride and self-sufficiency, lessons relevant to individuals in positions of power.
• Restoration and Grace: It underscores the possibility of repentance and restoration through divine grace, offering hope for redemption.

Application for Modern Readers

For pastors and theologians, this verse serves as a reminder to preach the importance of humility and recognition of God’s authority in all facets of life. Students and scholars can glean insights into the narrative structure and poetic imagery employed throughout the Book of Daniel, recognizing its relevance for contemporary audience grappling with issues of pride and morality.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Daniel 5:21 communicates an essential truth about the nature of God and humanity’s relationship with divine authority. Drawing from the rich insights of commentators like Matthew Henry, Albert Barnes, and Adam Clarke enriches our understanding of this text and its implications. It invites a reflection on our own lives and serves as a timeless reminder of the need for humility before God.