Commentary on 1 Samuel 20:12

1 Samuel 20:12 states:

"And Jonathan said unto David, O Lord God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and show it thee."

Introduction

This verse presents a significant moment in the friendship between Jonathan and David, highlighting themes of loyalty, discernment, and divine involvement in human affairs. The context of this passage is rooted in a tense political landscape marked by King Saul's increasing hostility towards David.

Contextual Analysis

Before diving into the verse, it is vital to understand the backdrop of Saul's pursuit of David. Saul, the first king of Israel, had become envious of David due to his popularity and the anointing of David by the prophet Samuel. Jonathan, Saul's son and heir apparent, had developed a deep friendship with David, which placed him in a precarious position between loyalty to his father and allegiance to his friend.

Exegesis of the Verse

Jonathan’s declaration in this verse serves several functions:

• Confirmation of the Bond: This communicates Jonathan's commitment to David, signifying that even in the face of familial loyalty, he prioritizes the well-being of his friend.
• Invocation of Divine Witness: By invoking the “Lord God of Israel,” Jonathan acknowledges that the matter is not only personal but also involves divine oversight. This reflects the importance of seeking God’s will in human relationships.
• Preparation for Action: Jonathan's words suggest a careful strategy regarding intelligence-gathering about his father’s intentions, indicating wisdom and forethought.

Insights from Commentators

Matthew Henry

Matthew Henry emphasizes the loyalty and covenantal nature of the friendship between Jonathan and David. He interprets Jonathan's request as a vital element in the preservation of David's life, providing a model of selfless friendship. Henry points out that Jonathan's desire to know his father's state, and the recognition of the potential peril that awaited David, illustrates the depth of their bond, as he actively seeks to protect David from the consequences of Saul's jealousy.

Albert Barnes

Albert Barnes offers insights into the political implications of Jonathan's careful observation of his father’s intentions. He notes that Jonathan's method of “sounding” his father about David reflects a prudent approach in turbulent political circumstances. Barnes underscores the significance of this moment, indicating that Jonathan's actions foreshadow the eventual leadership of David as king. Furthermore, Barnes observes the element of divine providence interwoven within Jonathan’s plan, suggesting that Jonathan seeks God's guidance in determining David's future.

Adam Clarke

Adam Clarke addresses the emotional struggle within Jonathan as he perceives the threat David faces. He points to Jonathan's spiritual integrity and the gravity of his intercession as vital in the unfolding narrative. Clarke posits that Jonathan's deep understanding of both his father’s erratic behavior and the covenant with David reveals a mature spiritual insight. He emphasizes the contextual urgency in which Jonathan operates, crafting a subtle yet powerful method to uncover his father's disposition towards David.

Theological Implications

The implications of this verse stretch beyond the mere historical narrative, offering rich theological insights.

• The Nature of True Friendship: Jonathan exemplifies a Christ-like friendship, prioritizing the needs of David above his own security. This mirrors the ultimate sacrifice made by Christ for humanity.
• God's Sovereignty and Guidance: The invocation of God underlines the belief that all actions in human affairs are under divine scrutiny. This invites believers to seek God’s guidance in forming relationships and navigating conflicts.
• The Role of Intercession: Jonathan’s intent to check on Saul’s intentions serves as an analogy for the believer’s role in interceding for others, especially in times of crisis.

Application for Modern Readers

As modern-day pastors, students, and theologians reflect on this passage, several applications can be drawn:

• Fostering Loyalty: Faithful friendships are a testament to the character of believers. Christian communities should strive for relationships marked by loyalty and selflessness, reflecting the bond of Jonathan and David.
• Seeking Divine Guidance: Like Jonathan, believers are called to understand their circumstances in light of God’s will. Regular prayer and discernment should underpin decision-making processes.
• Understanding the Cost of Discipleship: Jonathan's dilemma teaches about the potential sacrifices involved in following God's call. Believers are often faced with choices that may lead to familial or social conflict, much like Jonathan.

Conclusion

1 Samuel 20:12 is a rich tapestry woven with themes of loyalty, friendship, divine providence, and the careful navigation of human relationships amidst conflict. The insights provided by Matthew Henry, Albert Barnes, and Adam Clarke serve to deepen our understanding of this passage as a timeless lesson in fidelity, courage, and divine fidelity in our own lives. As we reflect on the implications for our spiritual journeys, may we be inspired to cultivate the kind of relationships that mirror the heart of Jonathan and David.